Written by Henry Gladwyn, initially published on Substack
It is natural to reach for the dotcom bubble when trying to make sense of today’s artificial intelligence boom. The parallels are tempting: capital surging, demand curves stretched to infinity, valuations that seem unmoored from reality. But dotcom is the wrong story. That episode ended in collapse, erasing both capital and much of the technology. AI is not dotcom. It is shale.
The shale revolution did not fail. It succeeded so completely that it reshaped the global energy order. New drilling and fracking techniques turned the United States into the world’s top producer of oil and gas, reduced dependence on the Middle East, and re-anchored American power. Yet many investors in shale were ruined. Productivity gains drew in too much capital. Debt-fuelled independents flooded the market. OPEC’s attempt to crush shale only accelerated the cycle. The paradox was that shale’s abundance triumphed geopolitically but starved capital of returns.
AI is tracing the same arc of abundance. Every new GPU cluster, every megawatt energised, every advance in quantisation or inference efficiency makes the system more productive. But productivity invites more capital, which risks overshooting demand. The lesson from shale is not that success evaporates. It is that success does not guarantee profits for all. There will be returns in AI; but only for those who sit inside the envelope now being constructed around it.
China as OPEC, Scale as Strategy
Shale’s decisive moment came in 2014, when Saudi Arabia flooded the market to bankrupt U.S. producers. Shale survived because its productivity curve was steeper than OPEC expected. In AI, China is poised to play that role.
Beijing cannot yet match the exquisite assets of the industry: frontier chips and leading models. Instead, it follows a familiar playbook: drop to the lowest defensible point in the value chain, mobilise scale, and climb upward. It has done this before. In oil refining, China became dominant despite lacking crude of its own. In rare earths, it cornered the midstream. In solar, batteries, and now electric vehicles, it moved from defensive scale to outright leadership.
For AI that means subsidized power, cheap state-directed finance, Ascend-class accelerators, and permissive open-source models. The aim is both defensive and offensive: ensure sovereignty at home; and set the global clearing price from below abroad.
The Western Response: The Technodollar Envelope
Unlike oil in the petrodollar era, where U.S. and OPEC interests were often aligned, AI sits inside a rivalry. It cannot be left to market forces because it has become a direct arena of competition. A new architecture of power is emerging: the technodollar. Where the petrodollar rested on oil priced in dollars and U.S. security guarantees, the technodollar rests on controlled access to the AI stack: chips, cloud regions, frontier models, and the applications that run on them.
The technodollar is an envelope, and three mechanisms define its shape:
· Certification and compliance. Governments are creating trusted lanes. Only certified providers will be allowed to handle public-sector and critical workloads. This favours hyperscalers and large neutral colos that can absorb the compliance burden and locks out leaner independents.
· Procurement. Multi-year contracts and capacity payments will turn episodic training spikes into baseload demand. Governments will not leave sensitive compute to market cycles. They will guarantee utilisation for those inside the envelope, smoothing returns and underwriting investment.
· Power policy. A data centre is a machine for turning megawatts into tokens. Chips are useless without electricity. The true bottleneck is not GPUs but energised, contracted power. Interconnect queues and transmission bottlenecks mean that the scarce input is firm supply that can be delivered quickly and guaranteed for decades. Gas is fast but volatile. Low-carbon baseload (nuclear uprates, hydro, geothermal, gas with CCS) wins because it provides predictability, unlocks subsidies, and aligns with allied procurement rules. Power producers and grid enablers are thus central to the technodollar architecture.
This envelope is not purely American. It must hold together a coalition. Washington cares most about security and scale. Europe and Canada insist on carbon intensity and climate alignment. Japan and Korea emphasise supply chain resilience and domestic champions. The technodollar’s rules of entry are shaped by all these priorities. Security, procurement, and carbon standards are the glue that binds the Western bloc.
Together, these mechanisms create the envelope. They ensure that even in a glut, capacity aligned with the technodollar survives, consolidates, and earns. Which means that returns are concentrated rather than erased.
Who Wins Inside the Envelope
Hyperscalers and leading edge model providers — the supermajors. Microsoft, Amazon, Google, likely OpenAI. They will absorb years of thin returns, then consolidate weaker capacity. Distribution moats and political capture make them indispensable.
Power producers and grid enablers. Power is the new right-of-way. Utilities and IPPs that can deliver firm megawatts at speed, and the transmission developers and EPCs who energise them, will command strategic rents.
Specialist data-centre landlords — the midstream. Multi-tenant, power-adjacent campuses with re-tenanting optionality and policy lanes will consolidate into critical infrastructure, much like pipelines in energy.
Efficiency innovators — the shale services. The firms that bend cost curves: compilers, serving frameworks, inference-first silicon, immersion cooling. They decide how brutal the overshoot becomes.
Early-cycle suppliers — the picks and shovels. HBM memory, advanced packaging, high-speed optics, transformers, switchgear. Acute bottlenecks today, strong returns for the next year or two, normalisation later.
Everyone else, the leveraged independents, the single-tenant shells, the swing sovereigns who try to sit across both systems, will face the paradox of abundance without the shelter of the envelope.
The Shape of the Cycle
Phase One: bottleneck boom, as scarce kit captures outsized rents.
Phase Two: efficiency gains and Chinese competition drive down effective costs, stressing independents.
Phase Three: Western policy enforces the technodollar; procurement backstops demand; consolidation begins.
Phase Four: a regulated oligopoly of hyperscalers, power platforms, and certified colos, operating as critical infrastructure.
Investing in Abundance
The paradox of abundance is that it delivers both geopolitical success and financial disappointment. Shale demonstrated that abundance could transform America’s place in the world, even as it left investors disappointed. AI will do the same but with an important difference. The technodollar ensures that abundance does not wipe out returns altogether. It channels them toward those players inside the envelope.
For long-horizon allocators that means: anchor in firm power and interconnects; back the campuses with policy lanes; accumulate exposure to bottlenecks while they last; and fund the efficiency layer that keeps the West competitive even in a price war; and hold the hyperscalers/model leaders because they will consolidate stranded assets and emerge as the regulated utilities of AI.
Artificial intelligence will succeed spectacularly, just as shale did. But this time, there will be returns, not for everyone, but for those who position themselves inside the technodollar envelope, where policy, power, and productivity intersect.
